Risk Management Plan for Outdoor Expeditions and Overnight Trips

Trip overview and description This risk management plan will cover four day trip to Mount Whitney which is the highest summit in the US with an elevation of 14497 feet above sea level. Whitney summit is Among the Sierra Nevada highest peaks. The trail will follow the normal Mount Whitney route which is considered to be less strenuous to the summit.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Risk Management Plan for Outdoor Expeditions and Overnight Trips specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The beginning of the trail will at Whitney Portal situated 8360 feet. The increase in altitude is about 6,100 feet. Trail distance is 11 miles from Whitney Portal to the summit. At most, the trip will take 4 days to complete. All the members of the group will take train, bus or flight to Lone Pine and then driven to Whitney Portal where the trail will begin. The rest of the trail will be on foot covering at least six miles per day. However, this will depend on the distance between the camping sites as well as the day’s weather and other factors put into consideration. The main aim of the trail is to achieve the major objectives of the trail that includes health enhancement, recreation and improve quality of life. The other objectives are for the preservion of cultural heritage and natural resources, provide educational opportunities as well as boost the economic development of the region. Most of the team members are between the ages of 25 and 45 with the team leader being the oldest at the age of 45. The team of eight consist four pair of couples. Each of the team members has experience in the mountain trails with majority of the team having mountain hike skills. The team leader is the most experienced having guided most of the mountain trails in various parts of the world such as Alps in Europe. However, most of the group members are not new in the mountain trail.Advertising Looking for essay on health m edicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Leadership The group Leaders will have essential responsibilities especially in the management of the team. The leader will have to ensure that the team is safe, have enjoyment, are fully engaged and most importantly, educationally gain from the trips. Besides the group management skills, the team leader will be required to have possession of navigational and trailside maintenance skills (Martin, 2006). In addition, the trail leaders must have the capabilities of assessing risks and ways through which they can deal with emergencies. The leader will also be required to provide an alternative in case of any eventuality. The leader should be highly experienced and is expected to provide technical advice on weather changes, acclimatization levels, GPS directions and health conditions and hazards as well as other technical issues that may be encountered while on the field (Cook, 2007). The camp i nstructors are supposed to provide any assistance as well as providing directions. Moreover, the instructors have the responsibility of ensuring that the teams are safe and secure. Trip Itineraries Day Distance (Miles) Location Time Activity 1 0 Whitney Portal 5.00 am Wake up time 5.00 – 5. 30 am Readiness exercise 5.30 – 6.15 am Preparations including personal hygiene, filling backpacks, ensuring everything are in place. 6.15 – 7.00 am breakfast 7.10 – 12.00 pm Set off time, hiking up 2.8 Lone Pine lake 12.00 – 1.00 pm Lunch 1.00 – 3.00 pm Resuming the ascent, hiking up trail 3.8 Outpost Camp 3.00 – 7.00 pm Camp arrival, doing camping related activities, individual health check and all other individual related activities 7.00 – 9.00 pm Dining having fun and etc 9.00pm Bed time 2 3.8 Outpost Camp 5.00 am Wake up time 5.00 – 5. 30 am Readiness exercise 5.30  œ 6.15 am Preparations including personal hygiene, refilling backpacks, ensuring everything are in place. 6.15 – 7.00 am breakfast 7.10 – 12.00 pm Set off time, hiking up 6 Trail camp 12.00 – 1.00 pm Lunch 1.00 – 3.00 pm Resuming the ascent, hiking up trail 8.2 Trail crest camp 3.00 – 7.00 pm Camp arrival, doing camping related activities, individual health check and all other individual related activities 7.00 – 9.00 pm Dining having fun and etc 9.00pm Bed time 3 8.2 Trail crest camp 5.00 am Wake up time 5.00 – 5. 30 am Readiness exercise 5.30 – 6.15 am Preparations including personal hygiene, refilling backpacks, ensuring everything are in place. 6.15 – 7.00 am breakfast 7.10 – 10.00 am Set off time, hiking up 11 Mt Whitney summit 10.00-10.30 am Taking photos, taking measurements, taking records GPS, Descent 10.30-12.30 pm Descending the trail 13.8 Trail crest camp 12.30 – 1.30 pm Lunch 1.30 – 4.00 pm Descent 16 Trail camp 4.00 – 7.30 pm Camp arrival, doing camping related activities, individual health check and all other individual related activities 7.30 – 9.00 pm Dining having fun and etc 9.00 pm Bed time 4 16 Trail camp 6.00 am Wake up time 6.00 – 6.45am Preparations including personal hygiene, refilling backpacks, ensuring everything are in place. 6.45 – 7.30am breakfast 19.2 Lone Pine lake 7.30 – 12.00pm Descent arrival at Lone Pine Lake 12.00 –12.45pm Lunch 22 Whitney portal 12.45 – 2.45 pm Descent, arrival at Whitney portal 4.00 onwards Writing report, evaluation resting, preparing for the following day departure Equipment The following are the basic equipments or gear that will be required on the trail. These types of equipment are needed especially during the average summer conditions. However, during winte r special gear may be required such as the ice axe, snow helmet, crampons and snow shoes (Connally, 2004). But since this trail is planned during average summer conditions, these winter equipments will not be necessary. What is important to remember is that all the equipments will be carried for the entire 22 miles round trip journey. Therefore, they should be kept as light as possible (Goldenberg Martin, 2007). The equipment that will needed includes:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Risk Management Plan for Outdoor Expeditions and Overnight Trips specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Backpacks at least with a capacity of about 30lt and can comfortably carry all the travelling gear, food, water and extra clothing Hydration system with at least 2lt of water Headlamp mostly the basic LED lamp with high quality lithium batteries. Starting the hike with a new pair is better and it is a good idea to have an extra set. T he map – the best map is Tom Harrison Mt. Whitney Zone. Each team member should have its personal map print outs and extra care should be taken to prevent any contamination with moisture. It is also important that the team members familiarize themselves with the map taking cognizant of important pints or stopping areas along the trail before setting out for the trail. The maps are very essential especially when the visibility is reduced to a few meters when the clouds roll in. The GPS navigation or compass. These are very essential when the weather turns to be very bad. It is also important to have lithium batteries for the GPS. The use of these equipments are essential for all the team members and should be learned during the prior trail trainings The First Aid Kit carrying band aids, tape, aspirin, mole skin, ibuprofen, antihistamine, blister ointment, portable aqua iodine tablets Reflective blanket which can be used as an emergency shelter. The blanket should be very light Fire starter or water proof matches. Though they are rarely required they can still be useful during emergencies. Small knife which should be simple and smaller. Probably it should be 51 piece multi-tool. Trekking poles that will be vital in saving the knees and in extra balancing on tricky terrain as well as stream crossing Clothing gear that includes under amour boxer brief and bra for women, Patagonia Capilene Crew Top, North Face Paramount Convertible Pants, Smart wool hiking socks, water proof hiking boots particularly the Merrell Outland Mid boots and the Outdoor Research Sun Runner Cap. Extra clothing that includes light weight power dry long sleeve t-shirt, full zip fleece jacket, rain jacket, full zip rain pants, black diamond wind weight liner gloves, wind break beanie extra pair smart wool hiking socks and sunglasses Other extras may include sunscreen, lip balm, toilet paper, wag bag and wrist watches. Water sources Water is very essential during the hike particularly t o stay hydrated while acclimating. Various factors that range from environmental to physical body needs determine the quantity of water one should have at a particular time. In average, about 3 to 6 liters of water is required per person to stay hydrated during acclimation. Additives such as electrolyte drink mix and Gatorade can also be added to water or used along the trail to keep hydrated. Luckily, pure water will be found in many places along the trail and it is essential to refill or top up the water before moving on. The ponds along the trail are filled with streams that have clean water that can be used without further purification. There will be no need to carry more than two liters at any time. It is advisable to carry just the right amount of water otherwise it will be an extra load in the backpack. Much thought will only be on how to carry water. Water bottles are the best water container to use in this trail. Though most of the water points are fresh and considered pure , those who can’t take untreated water can use iodine tablets to treat their drinking water. Weather Related Information Mountain weather changes almost every time making it very unpredictable. Dangers arising from unpredictable weather are higher compared with other forms of danger. All characteristics of weather, sunshine, hail, snow, wind, rain and lightning will be possible at any time during the mountain trail. The team members will be required to pay extra attention to any development in the sky. However, the team must take precaution on sunshine, lightning, snow ice and hail.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sunshine at higher elevations makes people become susceptible to dangerous rays that may pose great danger to the hikers. The effect of the rays may also be intensified by the reflections from the snow therefore the team is advised to put on the sunshine protection gear most of the time during the day. Exposed parts of the body are very vulnerable to dangerous rays hence should be protected using sunscreen. The challenging parts are snow covered ground hence high precaution is needed. Mountaineering gear may be required at these points (Connally, 2004). It is advisable to end trails before noon since most of the thunderstorms develops from noon onwards. However the trail can continue when the weather is clear. Generally, mountain Thunderstorms develop very fast and are normally accompanied with lightning. Clouds that form thunderstorms can easily be observed. Once cloud forming thunderstorms are sported it is advisable for the team to immediately seek shelter in the nearby trail cam ps. Storm forming clouds are characterized by their Flat bases, White and gray color and their long vertical length. When these types of clouds appear early in the day, it is very likely that the storm will develop during the day. These clouds grow faster making the situation worse. Lightning create an electric radiations that has the capability of covering large area. The deaths that result from storms are caused by ground current. The teams are always advised to be in contact with the weather center at the starting point base after every half an hour to keep a breath of any weather changes. Transportation Transport to Lone Pine is very limited especially air travels since there is no large commercial airport. However, any air travel will require that one uses the nearest cities. Though air travel is limited, other means are available especially the bus. The Eastern Sierra interregional public transport is provided by the transit authorities. The buses operate several routs within the Eastern Sierra region. Other companies also offer bus services in most of the Eastern Sierra routs. However, private services are being made available by Mount Whitney shuttle. It is therefore advisable for the team members to organize with the Mount Whitney Shuttle Services for their transport prior to the trail. Rules and Regulations The trail team will have to adhere to the Mount Whitney zone rules and regulations that determine the conduct of the hikers. The rules and regulations concerns the permits, health of team members, environmental conservations, conduct of the team members, time regulations, safety measures, security, trail directions and camping regulations. Even though most of the rules that govern the trail are encompassed within the Mount Whitney zone rules, the team will also be required to have their own rules and regulations that will be used to regulate their conduct. The team will be required to stick together at all times, be at the camping sites before sun set, wake up by five in the morning, stick to the advice of the team leader and follow the required routs while on the trail. These rules are very essential especially during emergencies as well as enhancing the safety and security of the team members (MacInnes, 2005). Risk Assessment and Management There are several risks and dangers that will be inherently associated with this trail. Apart from dangers that are associated with injuries, there are those risks that are associated to weather conditions, healthy conditions and physical strains (Kosseff, 2010). Some of these risks will include Injuries resulting from boulder falls, falls, slipperiness, knee knocks as well as any other causes of injuries. Injuries may be simple or acute depending on the impact made with the object. Simple injuries may include cuts and abrasions as a result of falling on the gravel. Acute injuries may include severe cuts as a result of being hit by a falling bolder (Kosseff, 2010). Though the probability of their occurrence is small, the trail team will be required to wear the protective gear at all times as well as using the designated trail routs. It is also advisable that each team member take personal precautions in order to reduce the risks of having any injuries. Moreover, all the team members will be required to take physical training in order to be fit for this expedition. Acute Mountain Sickness is also another health hazard that is very likely especially when the team is approaching higher altitudes. In fact altitude is the major cause of the sickness. However, it will be accelerated by the rate at which the team will be ascending. The higher the rate of ascent, greater is the probabilities of developing the AMS. Higher ascending speeds destabilize the body functions before it adapts to higher altitudes. Other factors that may lead to higher chance of developing AMS are the degree of body exertion and dehydration. Therefore, it is essential for the team to acclimatize at higher altitudes twenty four hours before the beginning of the trail (Connally, 2004). All the team members will be required to be at Whitney portal a day before the hike. The team will be acclimatized at Meysan Lake, Horseshoe Meadows and Onion Valley which are 8360, 9200 and 10000 feet respectively a day before the trail. Moreover, during the ascent the team will keep a steady pace with short breaks to give the body a chance of acclimatizing. In addition, the team leaders will be required to constantly check the team members of any symptoms of AMS. The diamox will be among the First Aid Kit contents and used during these situations. In acute situations, the team leaders are required to call for emergency airlift to the nearest hospitals at Lone Pine The weather related risks are the most likely to occur during the trail (Connally, 2004). The ways to deal with weather related risks such as snowfall, hailstones, lightning will be extensively covered during the training process just before the trail. Dealing with hash weather conditions is integral part of pre trail training since weather related risks are the most likely to occur. Furthermore, emergency measures are also related to these risks. Emergency Action Plan The team will use the emergency services provided by the Sequoia National Park where the summit lies. The institution will also provide communication systems as well as any other emergency equipment as required by the regulations. Moreover, the trail team will be trained on possible emergencies and how to deal with such emergencies. In various points on the trail, the Sequoia National Park has put in place service centers to deal with minor emergencies. Contingencies Many things can go wrong in this trail, but probably, the risk hazards that have been mentioned such as altitude sickness, dehydration, environment related including darkness, hail, lightning, snow or ice, wind and sunshine. Others include injury, group separation, search and rescue op erations. Ways to deal with these eventualities have already been mentioned in the previous discussions. References Connally, C. (2004). The Mountaineering handbook: Modern tools and techniques that will take you to the top. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional. Cook, T. (2007). Outdoor leadership: The noble gift. London, UK: Deeper Vision Publishers. Goldenberg, M., Martin, B. (2007). Hiking and Backpacking. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. Kosseff, A. (2010). AMC guide to outdoor leadership: Trip planning, group dynamics, decision making, leading youth and risk management. Boston, MA: Appalachian Mountain Club Books. MacInnes, H. (2005). International mountain rescue handbook. London, UK: Frances Lincoln ltd. Martin, B. (2006). Outdoor leadership: Theory and practice. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. Appendices Appendix 1: Mount Whitney Zone Appendix 2: Mt Whitney Trail Map Appendix 3: Whitney Trial Campsites Appendix 4: Whitney trail topography Appendix 5: Weather related information WX6HNX-11 Sequoia NP (AT846) Lat: 36.60417 Lon: -118.73306 Elev: 6690 Last Update on 25 May 11:53 PDT Humidity: 54 % Wind Speed: 6 G 13 MPH Barometer: 29.66 in (N/A mb) Dewpoint: 20 °F (-7 °C) Wind Chill: 30 °F (-1 °C) Visibility: Miles This essay on Risk Management Plan for Outdoor Expeditions and Overnight Trips was written and submitted by user Kat Farrell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Bernoulli essays

Bernoulli essays The Bernoullis Principle was a phonomena for all physics. He was considered to me the father of mathematical physics. The principle itslef was named after the Swiss scientist named Daniel Bernoulli during the eighteenth century. Bernoulli studied the many relationships among fluid and pressure. This principle shows the relationship of velocity, pressure, and the height for a steady fluid flow. When a horizontal flow is created, the speed of the fluid is increased while the pressure it creates decreases. The strong example of this is shown through the lift of an airplane in its motion. When the speed of the plane begins to increase, air is flowed faster over the curved top of the wing rather than the bottom part of the wing underneath. When the pressure becomes exerted upwards a net upward force is greated. This is called lift. This is because the pressure that is exerted downward above the wing is not as great of pressure as being exerted upwards. Another example demonstrating this similar method is witnessed in the spoilers of race cars. The spoilers are shaped in the image of an upside down wing . The curved surface it has in the bottom of the wing is what causes and produces the net downward force. In other words, a wing with more curvature on the top surface will have a greater lift than a wing with a flat surface. The similar application for demonstarting this and helping Bernoulli achieve his conclusion is the Venturi Tube. When Bernoulli was studing the flows of fluid as it reached the area in which the the Venturi Tubes pipe diameter was reduced. From this, Bernoulli stated that the velocity of the fluid, flowing through the most narrow diameter is increased while the pressure in that area becomes decreased. The Bernoullis Princliple clearly states that the pressure of a fluid that could be liquid or gas decreases when the speed of the fluid begins to increase. In the fluid, the high speed flow becomes a ...

Differences Between Private And Public English Language Schools In Dissertation

Differences Between Private And Public English Language Schools In Northern Cyprus - Dissertation Example In Cyprus, as elsewhere – the ongoing race of education as it keeps pace with technology opens up the potential to establish the fabled global village with respect to the development of human capacities through modern educational institutions now becoming available in North Cyprus. The value of specialized language education programs is recognized throughout Europe and neighboring regions. Across a diverse continent, and nearby islands there is considerable potential for Diversity – but also a similar potential for isolation and prejudice as existed in centuries past. Among one of the central tenets of the European Union is the promotion of mobility and communication within the population of Europe and neighboring regions. The most immediate and practical way to address the need for equality and mobility is through a policy of linguistic equality. The goal of multilingualism is achievable through the promotion and facilitation of a common language or languages among diverse groups in formerly isolated regions to create a broader cultural framework in which populations can move and interact with one another more freely, as well as receive visitors from other countries and more readily accommodate them for educational and economic purposes. With different languages endemic to various regions throughout the greater European sphere, the teaching of English opens up expanded opportunities for communication and concourse both for travelers from their native lands, and to receive visitors for the economic invigoration of islands such as Cyprus. English remains a popular choice, and a useful starting point for an overall goal of multilingual aptitude throughout Europe and the Mediterranean region. Turkish Cyprus boasts a large population of expatriate English speakers, but with less tourism in the Turkish north, demand is somewhat le ss for new English speakers as language instructors than the Greek South. Throughout the island, the state system boasts widespread English instruction, and while there are private English-language academies of various quality and price throughout the country, academies include primary and secondary schools in English. But there are smaller numbers of Russian, French, and Greek academies as well. English-speaking academies tend to be fewer in number in Turkish areas (Global-English.com, 2010). In terms of the political geography of the region, the island is divided into the Turkish north, officially known as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus –

CONTRACT LAW - Consideration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CONTRACT LAW - Consideration - Essay Example In accordance, with the principle of promissory estoppel, Peter cannot go back on his promise to Rapid Builders and thereby causing a loss to the latter1. The realisation of a practical benefit to the promisor can be treated as consideration for the extra bonus or incentive offered by him. In CTN Cash and Carry Ltd v. Gallaher Ltd, the Court held that the promisor had received the practical benefit from the promise. The Court further opined that this practical benefit constituted the consideration for the additional payment promised by the promisor2. The reasoning of the Court in Williams v. Roffey suggested that if one party to a contract had promised to perform the existing contractual duty, and if there had been no detriments to the other party, and if the promisor had benefitted, then it could be said that there had been good consideration3. Promissory estoppel can be used as an instrument of defence and not as a cause of action. It was first employed in Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees Ltd4 and the ruling in Coombe v Coombe5 relied upon it. Due to financial setbacks and the Yuletide season not proving to be as lucrative as Peter had hoped that it would; he was unable to pay Keg Ltd the agreed upon amount of  £8,000 for the supply of champagne. As per the extant case law, a part payment of a debt cannot be considered as full settlement of the outstanding debt. Hence, Peter has to pay Keg Ltd the remaining  £2,000. The relevant case law has been discussed in the sequel. In D & C Builders v. Rees, the plaintiff sustained substantial financial loss. The defendant agreed to pay just  £300 towards the complete repayment of her debt. The plaintiff accepted this lesser amount due to financial duress. Later on, the plaintiff company sued the defendant, in order to recover the remainder of the amount due from her. The Court held that the plaintiff was

Ppt Financial Derivatives Essay Example for Free

Ppt Financial Derivatives Essay GLOBAL EDITION MULTINATIONAL BUSINESS FINANCE 12TH EDITION David K. Arthur I. Michael H. EITEMAN University of California, Los Angeles STONEHILL Oregon State University and the University of Hawaii at Manoa MOFFETT Thunderbird School of Global Management Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Contents PART I G l o b a l Financial E n v i r o n m e n t 1 Chapter 1 Globalization and the MyBtiBnatiomaO Enterprise 2 Globalization and Creating Value in the Multinational Enterprise 3 The Theory of Comparative Advantage 4 What Is Different about Global Financial Management? 7 Market Imperfections: A Rationale for the Existence of the Multinational Firm 8 The Globalization Process 9 Summary Points 13 MINI-CASE: Porsche Changes Tack 13 Questions †¢ Problems †¢ Internet Exercises 19 Chapter 2 Financial Goals and Corporate Governance Who Owns the Business? 22 What Is the Goal of Management? 24 Corporate Governance 28 Summary Points 40 MINI-CASE: Governance Failure at Enron 41 Questions n Problems n Internet Exercises 45 22 Chapter 3 IDie international Monetary System History of the International Monetary System 50 Contemporary Currency Regimes 56 Emerging Markets and Regime Choices 62 The Birth of a European Currency: The Euro 64 Exchange Rate Regimes: What Lies Ahead? 69 Summary Points 70 MINI-CASE: The Revaluation of the Chinese Yuan 71 Questions †¢ Problems †¢ Internet Exercises 74 50 Chapter 4 International Business Transactions: The BaBance of Payments Typical Balance of Payments Transactions: China 79 Fundamentals of Balance of Payments Accounting 80 The Accounts of the Balance of Payments 81 The Capital and Financial Account 83 The Balance of Payments in Total 89 The Balance of Payments Interaction with Key Macroeconomic Variables 91 Trade Balances and Exchange Rates 94 Capital Mobility 97 Summary Points 99 MINI-CASE: Turkeys Kriz (A): Deteriorating Balance of Payments 100 Questions †¢ Problems D Internet Exercises 102 78 Chapter 5 Current Multinational Financial Challenges: The Credit Crisis of 2007-2009 106 The Seeds of Crisis: Subprime Debt 106 The Transmission Mechanism: Securitization and Derivatives of Securitized Debt 109 The Fallout: The Crisis of 2007 and 2008 120 xiv Contents xv The Remedy: Prescriptions for an Infected Global Financial Organism 129 Summary Points 131 MINI-CASE: Letting Go of Lehman Brothers 132 Questions D Problems †¢ Internet Exercises 134 PART II Foreign Exchange Theory and Markets Chapter The Foreign Exchange Market 138 137 Geographical Extent of the Foreign Exchange Market 138 Functions of the Foreign Exchange Market 139 Market Participants 140 Transactions in the Interbank Market 142 Foreign Exchange Rates and Quotations 148 Summary Points 156 MINI-CASE: The Venezuelan Bolivar Black Market 157 Questions D Problems a Internet Exercises 160 Chapter? InternationaB Parity Conditions 164 Prices and Exchange Rates 164 Interest Rates and Exchange Rates 172 Forward Rate as an Unbiased Predictor of the Future Spot Rate 181 Prices, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates in Equilibrium 183 Summary Points 184 MINI-CASE: Currency Pass-Through at Porsche 185 Questions †¢ Problems †¢ Internet Exercises 186 Appendix: An Algebraic Primer to International Parity Conditions 193 Chapter 8 Foreign Currency ierivatoves Foreign Currency Futures 198 Currency Options 201 Foreign Currency Speculation 203 Option Pricing and Valuation 210 Currency Option Pricing Sensitivity 213 Prudence in Practice 221 197 Summary Points 222 MINI-CASE: Warren Buffetts Love-Hate Relationship with Derivatives 223 Questions †¢ Problems †¢ Internet Exercises 226 Appendix: Currency Option Pricing Theory 230 Chapter 9 Interest Rate and Currency Swaps 234 Defining Interest Rate Risk 234 Management of Interest Rate Risk 237 Trident Corporation: Swapping to Fixed Rates 245 Currency Swaps 246 Trident Corporation: Swapping Floating Dollars into Fixed Rate Swiss Francs 247 Counterparty Risk 249 Summary Points 250 MINI-CASE: McDonalds Corporations British Pound Exposure 251 Questions n Problems †¢ Internet Exercises 252 Chapter 10 Foreign Exchange Rate Determination and Forecasting Exchange Rate Determination: The Theoretical Thread 257 The Asset Market Approach to Forecasting 260 2S6 XVI Contents Disequilibrium: Exchange Rates in Emerging Markets 262 Illustrative Case: The Asian Crisis ^262 Illustrative Case: The Argentine Crisis of 2002 265 Forecasting in Practice 270 Summary Points 274 MINI-CASE: JPMorgan Chases Forecasting Accuracy 274 Questions †¢ Problems †¢ Internet Exercises 276 PART III Foreign Exchange Exposure 281 Chapter 11 Transaction Exposure 282 Types of Foreign Exchange Exposure 282 Why Hedge? 284 Measurement of Transaction Exposure 287 Tridents Transaction Exposure 289 Management of an Account Payable 297 Risk Management in Practice 299 Summary Points 300 MINI-CASE: Xian-Janssen Pharmaceutical (China) and the Euro 301 Questions D Problems D Internet Exercises 303 Appendix: Complex Options 312 Chapter 12 Operating Exposure 320 Attributes of Operating Exposure 320 Illustrating Operating Exposure: Trident 322 Strategic Management of Operating Exposure 326 Proactive Management of Operating Exposure 329 Contractual Approaches: Hedging the Unhedgeable 336 Summary Points 337 MINI-CASE: Toyotas European Operating Exposure 338 Questions a Problems a Internet Exercises 340 Chapter 13 Translation Exposure Overview of Translation 344 Translation Methods 347 Translation Example: Trident Europe 350 Comparing Translation Exposure with Operating Exposure 355 Managing Translation Exposure 355 Summary Points 359 MINI-CASE: LaJolla Engineering Services 360 Questions H Problems †¢ Internet Exercises 362 PART IV Financing the Global Firm 365 Chapter 14 The Global Cost and Availability of Capita! 36 ® Weighted Average Cost of Capital 368 The Demand for Foreign Securities: The Role of International Portfolio Investors 373 The Cost of Capital for MNEs Compared to Domestic Firms 379 Solving a Riddle: Is the Weighted Average Cost of Capital for MNEs Really Higher Than for Their Domestic Counterparts? 380 Summary Points 382 MINI-CASE: Novo Industri A/S (Novo) 383 Questions D Problems †¢ Internet Exercises 387 Contents xvii Chapter 15 Sourcang Equity Globally 391 Designing a Strategy to Source Equity Globally 392 Foreign Equity Listing and Issuance 395 Effect of Cross-Listing and Equity Issuance on Share Price 397 Barriers to Cross-Listing and Selling Equity Abroad 399 Alternative Instruments to Source Equity in Global Markets 400 Summary Points 404 MINI-CASE: Petrobras of Brazil and the Cost of Capital 404 Questions †¢ Problems a Internet Exercises 408 Optimal Financial Structure 410 Optimal Financial Structure and the MNE 411 Financial Structure of Foreign Subsidiaries 414 International Debt Markets 418 Summary Points 424 MINI-CASE: Tirstrup BioMechanics (Denmark): Raising Dollar Debt 424 Questions †¢ Problems o Internet Exercises 426 PART V Foreign Investment Decisions Chapter 17 431 International Portfolio Theory and Diversificationi. 432 International Diversification and Risk 432 Internationalizing the Domestic Portfolio 435 National Markets and Asset Performance 441 Summary Points 446 MINI-CASE: Is Modern Portfolio Theory Outdated? 447 Questions a Problems †¢ Internet Exercises 448 Chapter 18 Foreign Direct Investment Theory and Political Risk Sustaining and Transferring Competitive Advantage 452 The OLI Paradigm and Internalization 455 Deciding Where to Invest 457 How to Invest Abroad: Modes of Foreign Involvement 458 Foreign Direct Investment Originating in Developing Countries 462 Foreign Direct Investment and Political Risk 464 Assessing Political Risk 465 Firm-Specific Risks 466 Country-Specific Risks: Transfer Risk 469 Country-Specific Risks: Cultural and Institutional Risks 472 Global-Specific Risks 476 Summary Points 479 MINI-CASE: Mattels Chinese Sourcing Crisis of 2007 480 Questions a Problems a Internet Exercises 483 452 Chapter 19 Multinational Capital Budgeting 487 Complexities of Budgeting for  a Foreign Project 488 Project versus Parent Valuation 489 Illustrative Case: Cemex Enters Indonesia 490 Real Option Analysis 502 Project Financing 503 Summary Points 505 MINI-CASE: Tridents Chinese Market Entry—An Application of Real Option Analysis 505 Questions n Problems †¢ Internet Exercises 507 xviii Contents PART VI Managing Multinational Operations Chapter 20 Multinational Tax Management 513 514 Tax Principles 514 Transfer Pricing 522 Tax Management at Trident 524 Tax Haven Subsidiaries and International Offshore Financial Centers 525 Summary Points 527 MINI-CASE: Stanley Works and Corporate Inversion 527 Questions †¢ Problems n Internet Exercises 531 Chapter 21 Working Capital Management 535 Trident Brazils Operating Cycle 535 Tridents Repositioning Decisions 537 Constraints on Repositioning Funds 539 Conduits for Moving Funds by Unbundling Them 539 International Dividend Remittances 540 Net Working Capital 542 International Cash Management 548 Financing Working Capital 552 Summary Points 556 MINI-CASE: Honeywell and Pakistan International Airways 557 Questions †¢ Problems n Internet Exercises 559 Chapter 22 Global Petroleum Development: Fiscal Regimes and Funding Financing Petroleum Development 566 Fiscal Regimes 566 Development Agreements 566 Concessions 569 Royalty/Tax Systems 570 Production Sharing Agreements 572 Service Agreements 574 Added Contractual Features 576 Top-Line Risks 578 Petroleum Prices 579 A Hypothetical Sub-Saharan PSA 581 PSA Evolution 584 Funding Petroleum Development 587 Summary Points 590 MINI-CASE: Petroleum Development and the Curse of Oil 590 Questions †¢ Problems o Internet Exercises 593 565 Answers to Selected Problems Glossary Index 598 610 595 Credits 627

Current Writing Pedagogy Essay -- English Writing Teacher Student

The student who is preparing for preservice or inservice teaching in any field must answer two crucial questions: â€Å"What is learning?† and â€Å"What is teaching?† The student preparing to teach writing must also answer the question, â€Å"What is the purpose and the value of writing?† Writing is a subject area in which the teacher cannot easily state why writing itself is valuable or what purposes are served by learning the â€Å"art and craft† of writing, except as a tool for communication in other subject areas. In his article â€Å"Who’s Afraid of Subjectivity,† Robert P. Yagelski (1994), offers some answers to these questions about knowledge, education, and writing, as well as addressing related questions concerning individuality. Current writing pedagogies value writing and writers in different ways. Yagelski compares the underlying epistemology of expressivist approaches with postmodern epistemological theory. Expressivist theories claim that knowledge is found within the individual, and writing is a form of self-discovery. â€Å"Process-oriented† writing instruction is connected with this pedagogical approach. Postmodern theorists define knowledge as the fluid, shifting, and selective perceptions of reality that are tied to particular times, places, and cultures. Proponents of postmodern theories claim that expressivist practices reproduce ideologies that conceal both power structures and the position of students within these structures. Such practices are also thought to reduce awareness of social differences related to gender, class, and race between individuals in the classroom. By encouraging only constructive criticism and harmonious group work, expressivist teachers avoid confrontation over rea l-world issues. For postmodernists, writing is... ... rather than, in Keats’ words, â€Å"remaining content with half-knowledge,† and I think that an epistemology and a pedagogy that embraces paradox is rather well suited to the postmodern world. References Keats, John. Letter dated Dec.21st, 1817. Cited in The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory (1991) by J.A. Cuddon. New York: Penguin. Kluth, Paula. 2000. â€Å"Community-Referenced Learning and the Inclusive Classroom† Remedial & Special Education 21.1 (Jan/Feb): 19-26. Macrorie, Ken. 1988. The I-Search Paper. Portsmouth,NH: Boynton-Cook Phelps, T.O. 1992. â€Å"Research or Three-Search?† English Journal 89.1: 76-78. Yagelski, Robert P. 1994. â€Å"Who’s Afraid of Subjectivity: Postmodernism and the Composing Process.† Taking Stock: The Writing Process Movement in the 90’s, edited by Lad Tobin and Thomas Newkirk. 203-217. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.

Voluntary Active Euthanasia

Voluntary Active Euthanasia Carlene Lawrence Hodges University PHI 3601 OL3 November 19, 2012 Abstract This paper will discuss the benefits of the legalization of Voluntary Active Euthanasia (VAE). It will define the differences between Active Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide, as well as the difference between active and passive. We will look at VAE from a legal perspective, with discussion about specific court cases that have set precedence in this matter. We will also look at it from a moral point of view; from a perspective of Utilitarian and Subjectivist principles, to show that VAE should be considered morally correct.Voluntary Active Euthanasia This paper will discuss the benefits of Active Voluntary Euthanasia (VAE). Although it is sometimes referred to as mercy killings, it is one of the most controversial topics in our world today. Many believe the right to live is one of the most important human rights. The right to die should be equally as important. First, we mus t discuss the difference between active and passive euthanasia. Active is the process by which a person is given something, such as a prescribed medication, to end their life, while passive is allowing a person to die naturally, not being given anything to help sustain their life.Second, we must not confuse VAE with Physician Assisted Suicide (PAS), as the two are quite different. With VAE, it is the doctor who administers life ending medications, with the patient’s permission, while with PAS, the patient is the one who ultimately ends their own life. It can be argued that there is no moral difference between active and passive, since the consequences, intentions, and actions are primarily the same. If medical treatment is withheld, allowing them to die naturally, this will prolong their pain and suffering, as well as that of their loved ones left to bear witness.It will also lead to large medical bills, which the families will be left to deal with. In an era where the cultur e is to provide rescue medicine, it is hard to decide what to do when facing end of life decisions for your loved ones. According to the Hippocratic Oath, physicians must â€Å"use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment, but will not use it to injure or wrong them† (Friend, 2011). While the actual Oath has been rewritten many times over the years, to reflect cultural changes, it has the same essence. But, who decides what is considered as injuring or wronging them?One person may consider aiding in the death of another to be wrong, but the person dying may not. U. S. District Judge Barbara Rothstein (1194) wrote, â€Å"There is no more profoundly personal decision, no one which is closer to the heart of personal liberty, than the choice which a terminally ill person makes to end his or her suffering†. Assisted suicide and euthanasia have been worldly controversial for centuries. However, the first organizations created to support the legalizatio n of such were in 1935 and 1938, in Great Britain and the United States, respectively.Great strides have been made in the right direction though. Consider the case of Karen Ann Quinlan. In 1975, after mixing alcohol and drugs at a party, Karen become unconscious and slipped into a coma (Quinlan & Radimer, 2005). After months of watching their daughter suffer, being kept alive by machines, the family decided they knew their daughter would not want to live this way and requested she be taken off of the respirator. However, they quickly found out that their wish could not be carried out without a court order. They lost their first court battle in New Jersey Superior Court.They appealed this decision and ended up in New Jersey State Supreme Court, where by a unanimous decision, they won. Karen’s father, Joseph Quinlan, was names as Karen’s guardian, and was permitted to make all healthcare choices for her. Julia Quinlan, Karen’s mother, writes: The ruling gave patie nts and families the right to live each stage of life, including the last stage, with dignity and respect, and for medical institutions such as hospitals, hospices and nursing homes that would now be required to establish and maintain ethics committees.In addition, the Quinlan case led to the creation of the â€Å"living will,† sometimes called an â€Å"advanced directive,† which outlines the personal wishes of the individual in regard to â€Å"extraordinary means† to maintain life. (Quinlan 2005) In 1990, 40 states collectively passed laws allowing competent citizens the right to make living wills. These documents put the power back into the hands of the ill, by allowing their wishes and voices to be heard when they themselves are unable to speak.They instruct doctors to withhold life-supporting treatment and systems in the event a person becomes terminally ill. They can also instruct emergency doctors not to perform life resuscitating devices when a person has become injured or ill. It is the opinion of this writer and other proponents, like Compassion & Choices (http://www. compassionandchoices. org) that it become legal to include right to die choices like voluntary euthanasia. In ancient Rome and Greece, putting someone to death, or assisting in dying was acceptable in certain situations.For example, it was acceptable to put to death newborns with severe birth defects. It wasn’t until Christianity started developing in the West, that euthanasia was determined to be morally and ethically wrong. It was, and still is, seen as a â€Å"violation of God’s gift of life†. (Abdulkadir, Ansari, & Sambo, 2012, p 673). This is where the ethical debate inevitably ensues. Opponents mostly come from the medical profession as well as religious groups. They believe that medical providers should be more concerned with caring and healing then curing and the ultimate outcome.Legalizing active euthanasia could put too much power in th e hands of the medical professionals, allowing the ill to be easily swayed and opening up the option for many lawsuits from surviving family members who do not agree with the practice. Proponents reason that keeping someone alive with medications and medical instruments, when they would otherwise die is not sustaining a true life. Also, they believe that this is not a question of if someone is to die, but how much they suffer in the interim. The main concern of health providers should be to ease or eliminate pain and suffering.If we can accept that passive euthanasia (rejecting the use of life sustaining treatment) is ethically and morally correct, than we should also accept active euthanasia as well. Utilitarianism says that actions should be judges as morally acceptable or unacceptable based on increases and decreases in total happiness and/or misery (total meaning everyone involved, not just one individual (Barcalow, 2007). Using this as a guide, it can be determined that VAE wou ld essentially be reducing misery by allowing terminally ill, and sick to die nstead of suffering. Therefore, it would be morally acceptable. Let us look at VAE from a Subjectivism standpoint. Subjectivism claims that â€Å"whatever an individual believes to be right or wrong is right or wrong for that individual† (Barclow, 2007). Therefore, what may be morally correct for one person may not be for another. Under this principle, we should consider that if you believe VAE to be morally incorrect, that does not stand to reason all of society believes this as well. Let’s look at euthanasia another way.Merriam-Webster (2012) defines euthanasia as: â€Å"the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals (as persons or domestic animals) in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy†. In most states, where VAE is not legal, doctors are permitted to withhold medical treatment from a dying person, if that is their wish. While this is not considered actively administering life ending medication, it can still be considered actively allowing the person to die, if the treatment they are withholding would keep the person alive, even if only temporarily.When defending the case for active euthanasia, often the subject of our pets inevitably comes up. It is common practice when our pets become ill or injured, to put them out of their misery, we have them, as we say, ‘put to sleep’, or ‘put down’. You never hear of someone keeping their pet alive on life sustaining machines and medications. When asked why they chose to put down their pet, almost everyone answers with they couldn’t bear to see the animal suffer. So then why do feel the need to keep our humans alive? Currently there are four states in the U. S. hat have legalized active euthanasia; Oregon in 1994 by the Oregon Death and Dignity Act, , Texas in 1999 by the Texas Futile Care Law, Washington in 2008 by the Washin gton Death and Dignity Act and Montana in 2008 through a trial court ruling, Baxter vs. Montana. It is also legal in several European and eastern countries, such as Belgium, Columbia, and the Netherlands. It is legal in certain situations in Switzerland. In conclusion, using the Utilitarian and Subjectivism Moral Principles, should consider voluntary active euthanasia morally acceptable. References Abdulkadir, A. B. , Ansari, A. H. , & Sambo, A.O. (2012). The right to die via euthanasia: an expository study of the shari'ah and laws in selected jurisdictions. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 673+ Barcalow, E. (2007). Moral philosophy: Theories and issues. (4th Ed. ed. ). Belmont: The Thomson Corporation. Daniel, P. S. (2011). Speaking of the value of life. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal,  21(2), 181-199,6. Euthanasia (a) in Merriam-webster online dictionary. (2012, March 09). Retrieved from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/euthanasia Friend, Mary Louanne,M. N. , R. N. (2011). Physician-assisted suicide: Death with dignity?Journal of Nursing Law,  14(3), 110-116. Doi Rothstein, B. R. (1994). Assisted suicide: Helping terminally ill. Knight-Ridder Newspapers, 12(10), 615. Mary, L. F. (2011). Physician-assisted suicide: Death with dignity? Journal of Nursing Law,  14(3), 110-116. doi/913146489 Quinlan, J. , ; Radimer, F. (2005). My joy, my sorrow. Cincinnati, OH: St. Anthony Messenger Press. Rachels, J. (1975) Active and passive euthanasia . The New England Journal of Medicine 292 78-80 Rachels, J. (2001) Killing and letting die. Encyclopedia of Ethics 2nd ed. 2 947-50 Steinbock, B. , ; Norcross, A. (1994). Killing and letting die. Fordham Univ Pr.